Communication Protocols

Communication Protocols

You may be wondering how do the computers send and receive data across communication links. The answer is data communication software. It is this software that enables us to communicate with other systems. The data communication software instructs computer systems and devices as to how exactly data is to be transferred from one place to another. The procedure of data transformation in the form of software is commonly called protocol.

The data transmission software or protocols perform the following functions for the efficient and error free transmission of data.

1. Data sequencing: A long message to be transmitted is broken into smaller packets of fixed size for error free data transmission.
2. Data Routing: It is the process of finding the most efficient route between source and destination before sending the data.
3. Flow control: All machines are not equally efficient in terms of speed. Hence the flow control regulates the process of sending data between fast sender and slow receiver.
4. Error Control: Error detecting and recovering is the one of the main function of communication software. It ensures that data are transmitted without any error.

Programming Languages

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

There are two major types of programming languages. These are Low Level Languages and High Level Languages. Low Level languages are further divided in to Machine language and Assembly language.

Low Level Languages :
The term low level means closeness to the way in which the machine has been built. Low level languages are machine oriented and require extensive knowledge of computer hardware and its configuration.


High Level Languages :

Higher level languages are simple languages that use English and mathematical symbols like +, -, %, / etc. for its program construction.

Higher level languages are problem-oriented languages because the instructions are suitable for solving a particular problem. For example COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language) is mostly suitable for business oriented language where there is very little processing and huge output. There are mathematical oriented languages like FORTRAN (Formula Translation) and BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) where very large processing is required.

What Is Language In Computer Programming ?

WHAT IS LANGUAGE ?

You are aware with the term language. It is a system of communication between you and me. Some of the basic natural languages that we are familiar with are English, Hindi, Oriya etc. These are the languages used to communicate among various categories of persons. But how you will communicate with your computer. Your computer will not understand any of these natural languages for transfer of data and instruction. So there are programming languages specially developed so that you could pass your data and instructions to the computer to do specific job. You must have heard names like FORTRAN, BASIC, COBOL etc. These are programming languages. So instructions or programs are written in a particular language based on the type of job. As an example, for scientific application FORTRAN and C languages are used. On the other hand COBOL is used for business applications.

What Are The Basic Functions Of Operating System ?

BASIC FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEM

Different types of operating system are used for different purpose.Their size and complexity vary from operating system to operating system. The following are the various function of an operating system , they are

1. Managing Resource.
2. Providing User Interface.
3. Running Application.
4. Support For Utility Program.
5. Controls Computer Hardware.

1. Managing Resource : The operating system manage the resource to execute the task within the computer system depending upon their arrival in the ready Que.

2. Providing User Interface : The operating system provides the user interface to the user to interact with the computer system. The interfaces are -

• Command User Interface ( CUI ).
• Graphical User Interface ( GUI ).

Ready Que means the no. of process arrival to perform their task with in the central processing unit.

3. Running Application : The operating system provides the input / output resource to execute the task with in our computer system. The process execute program that has to be loaded in the Random Access Memory (RAM) from the hard disk.

For Example - When we write a letter 1st we have to load and run the MS Word, when we request to run a program the operating system locates the program or application in the hard disk and load the program to the Random Access Memory or Primary Memory.

4. Support For Utility Program : When a system raises a error or the system is corrupted or the system is virus effected or insufficient memory at that time the utility program solve our problem by using the following base -

• Formatting.
• Back Up Recovery.
• Disk Defragmenter.
• Installation.
• Uninstallation.

5. Controls Computer Hardware : The operating system supervises all the hardware devices connected with the computer system. It gives us an idea about the status of our hardware devices that they are properly connected or not. The operating system also provides one of the technique which is known as BIOS (Basic Input Output System). Through BIOS we can maintain the system information like the system password, capacity of ram, etc.