What Is Language In Computer Programming ?

WHAT IS LANGUAGE ?

You are aware with the term language. It is a system of communication between you and me. Some of the basic natural languages that we are familiar with are English, Hindi, Oriya etc. These are the languages used to communicate among various categories of persons. But how you will communicate with your computer. Your computer will not understand any of these natural languages for transfer of data and instruction. So there are programming languages specially developed so that you could pass your data and instructions to the computer to do specific job. You must have heard names like FORTRAN, BASIC, COBOL etc. These are programming languages. So instructions or programs are written in a particular language based on the type of job. As an example, for scientific application FORTRAN and C languages are used. On the other hand COBOL is used for business applications.

What Are The Different Types Of System Software? Explain

DIFFERENT TYPES OF SYSTEM SOFTWARE 

The System Software are divided into 3 types, They are :

1. Operating System Software
2. System Software
3. Utility Software

1. Operating System Software (O.S) : An Operating System is a program designed to run other programs on a computer. A computer's operating system is its most important program. It is considered as trhe backbone of a computer managing both software and hardware device. Operating systems are responsible for each and everything from the control and allocation of memory to input from external devices and output to computer display.

An operating system also plays a vital role in security. Its job includes preventing unauthorized user from accessing the computer system

There various types of operating system are -

• General Purpose O.S
• Special Purpose O.S
• Batch Processing O.S
• Single Use O.S
• Multi-User O.S
• Multi-Programming O.S
• Multi-Processing O.S
• Multi-Threading O.S
• Real Time O.S
• Embedded O.S

2. Language Translator : It is another system software which convert the high level language to machine level language for the purpose of machine understanding.

The Machine can only understand the machine level language or binary language 0's & 1's. The language translator rectify the errors within the program through different ways.

There are 3 types of language translator, they are as follows :-

• Compiler.
• Interpreter.
• Assembler.

3. Utility Software : Utility Software is a kind of system software designed to help, analyse, configure, optimize and maintain the computer. A single piece of utility software is usually called a utility or tool.

If we are having any problem related to system then we can solve it through utility software.

For example - Antivirus:- Utility scan for computer virus.

                      - Memory tester check's for memory failure etc.

The following are the activities those are coming under the utility software are -

• Formatting.
• Back-Up Recovery.
• Disk Defragmenter.
• Registry Cleaners.
• Disk Partitions. Etc

Basic Computer Operations? Explain It With A Suitable Diagram

BASIC COMPUTER OPERATIONS 

A computer performs basically five major operations or functions irrespective of their size and make. These are :

1) It accepts data or instructions by way of input,
2) It stores the data,
3) It can process data as required by the user,
4) It gives results in the form of output, and
5) It controls all operations inside a computer.

Basic Computer Operations Diagram

 We discuss below each of these operations. 

1. Input: This is the process of entering data and programs in to the computer system. You should know that computer is an electronic machine like any other machine which takes as inputs raw data and performs some processing giving out processed data. Therefore, the input unit takes data from us to the computer in an organized manner for processing.

2. Storage: The process of saving data and instructions permanently is known as storage. Data has to be fed into the system before the actual processing starts. It is because the processing speed of Central Processing Unit (CPU) is so fast that the data has to be provided to CPU with the same speed. Therefore the data is first stored in the storage unit for faster access and processing. This storage unit or the primary storage of the computer system is designed to do the above functionality. It provides space for storing data and instructions.
The storage unit performs the following major functions:

• All data and instructions are stored here before and after processing. 
• Intermediate results of processing are also stored here. 

3. Processing: The task of performing operations like arithmetic and logical operations is called processing. The Central Processing Unit (CPU) takes data and instructions from the storage unit and makes all sorts of calculations based on the instructions given and the type of data provided. It is then sent back to the storage unit.

4. Output: This is the process of producing results from the data for getting useful information. Similarly the output produced by the computer after processing must also be kept somewhere inside the computer before being given to you in human readable form. Again the output is also stored inside the computer for further processing.

5. Control: The manner how instructions are executed and the above operations are performed. Controlling of all operations like input, processing and output are performed by control unit. It takes care of step by step processing of all operations in side the computer.

FUNCTIONAL UNITS BASIC COMPUTER OPERATIONS 

In order to carry out the operations mentioned in the previous section the computer allocates the task between its various functional units. The computer system is divided into three separate units for its operation. They are -

1) Arithmetic Logical Unit,
2) Control Unit, and 
3) Central Processing Unit.

Arithmetic Logical Unit (ALU) : After you enter data through the input device it is stored in the primary storage unit. The actual processing of the data and instruction are performed by Arithmetic Logical Unit. The major operations performed by the ALU are addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, logic and comparison. Data is transferred to ALU from storage unit when required. After processing the output is returned back to storage unit for further processing or getting stored.

Control Unit (CU) : The next component of computer is the Control Unit, which acts like the supervisor seeing that things are done in proper fashion. The control unit determines the sequence in which computer programs and instructions are executed. Things like processing of programs stored in the main memory, interpretation of the instructions and issuing of signals for other units of the computer to execute them. It also acts as a switch board operator when several users access the computer simultaneously. Thereby it coordinates the activities of computer’s peripheral equipment as they perform the input and output. Therefore it is the manager of all operations mentioned in the previous section.

Central Processing Unit (CPU) : The ALU and the CU of a computer system are jointly known as the central processing unit. You may call CPU as the brain of any computer system. It is just like brain that takes all major decisions, makes all sorts of calculations and directs different parts of the computer functions by activating and controlling the operations.



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What Are The Different Types Of Computer With Examples (Based On The Processing & Storing Capabilities)

TYPES OF COMPUTERS 

(Based On The Processing & Storing Capabilities)

Now let us discuss the varieties of computers that we see today. Although they belong to the fifth generation they can be divided into different categories depending upon the size, efficiency, memory and number of users.There are 5 types of computer based on the processing and storing capabilities, they are

• Micro Computer
• Mini Computer
• Mainframes
• Super Computer
• Embedded Computer

• Micro Computer: Microcomputer is at the lowest end of the computer range in terms of speed and storage capacity. Its CPU is a microprocessor. The first microcomputers were built of 8-bit microprocessor chips. The most common application of personal computers (PC) is in this category. The PC supports a number of input and output devices. An improvement of 8-bit chip is 16-bit and 32-bit chips. Examples of microcomputer are IBM PC, PC-AT .

• Mini Computer:
This is designed to support more than one user at a time. It possesses large storage capacity and operates at a higher speed. The mini computer is used in multi-user system in which various users can work at the same time. This type of computer is generally used for processing large volume of data in an organisation. They are also used as servers in Local Area Networks (LAN). 

• Mainframes: These types of computers are generally 32-bit microprocessors. They operate at very high speed, have very large storage capacity and can handle the work load of many users. They are generally used in centralised databases. They are also used as controlling nodes in Wide Area Networks (WAN). Example of mainframes are DEC, ICL and IBM 3000 series. 

• Super Computer: They are the fastest and most expensive machines. They have high processing speed compared to other computers. They have also multiprocessing technique. One of the ways in which supercomputers are built is by interconnecting hundreds of microprocessors. Supercomputers are mainly being used for whether forecasting, biomedical research, remote sensing, aircraft design and other areas of science and technology. Examples of supercomputers are CRAY YMP, CRAY2, NEC SX-3, CRAY XMP and PARAM from India. 

• Embedded Computer: This Type Of Computer is used in a small chip. This means the small chip can be put inside other machines to control the devices. This type of technology is known as embedded computer. For Example - Mobile Phone, Washing Machine, Telephone, Telephone

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